The following tables are based primarily on my own observations, augmented by a .pdf document called "Production Overview", http://www.anno1503.de/english/home/show_news.php4?id=353&caller=archive , data from Wargamerit ( http://digilander.libero.it/anno1503/ ) and Andj Pianto ( http://www.a-pianto.ch/Englisch/e_Anno1503/e_Index.htm ).

The first table shows the requirements for different civilization levels.

Civilization Requirements
RequirementPioneersSettlersCitizensMerchantsAristocrats
Goods
ClothUEEE
ClothesE
FoodEEEEE
Jewelry*
Lamp Oil~U~E
LeatherEE
Salt*SSS
Silk Cloth~U~E
Spice^U^E^E
Tobacco^U^E^E
Wine*
Buildings
ChapelUE
ChurchUEEE
PavilionE
Public BathsUEE
SchoolUE
TavernUEEE
TheatreE
UniversityUE

Notes:

Maximum population per house is as follows. Upon upgrading, population will slowly rise until the house is full. If the residents become dissatisfied the number will decline. If it declines to the maximum level of the previous house type, the house will downgrade. Except in the case of Aristocrats, where it will simply collapse. LadyH notes: "Merchant [and Settler/Citizen] houses can fall down when plague is coming and there is no doctor nearby. Then they don't downgrade, they fall down like Aristocrats houses do":

The table below shows the materials required to upgrade houses. House upgrade cannot occur if materials are not available:

Materials to Upgrade Houses
UpgradeToolsWoodBricks
Pioneer to Settler140
Settler to Citizen224
Citizen to Merchant554

In the following table, operating costs are expressed as Active/Passive. Service areas are included for all buildings, shown as the number of squares radius from the edge of the building: This figure may vary by 1, because buildings do not create perfect circles. In some cases the building's service area has no discernable in-game meaning. For details of research requirements, please see the Research Trees in a later appendix.

Building Requirements and Effect
NameTo BuildOperating CostSizeService Area
RequiresToolsWoodBrickMarbleCost
Armorer80 Settlers58230030/153x319
Aristocrat House1900 Merchant121020504x423
Bakery200 Citizens53530015/103x315
Bow MakerResearch64450030/153x315
Brewery360 Settlers34430020/103x315
Butcher's Shop50 Settlers45435022/123x315
Cannon FoundryResearch1010108004x423
Cannon Tower120 Settlers3882001x19
Cathedral600 Aristocrat4030603012000808x622
Cattle Farm50 Settlers58430015/103x33
Charcoal Burner600 Citizens2210012/53x323
Chapel125 Pioneers610700153x419
Church240 Settlers915201600507x621
City Wall50 Settlers1501x1
Cloth/Leather Stand115051x14
Clothing Stand400 Citizens115051x14
Cobblestone Square120 Citizens4402x2
Cobblestone Street50 Settlers1101x1
Cotton Plantation120 Citizens52438020/103x33
Decorative Flag^^1100 Citizens12512001x1
Defensive Tower^^600 Citizens1012166503x313
Dirt Road51x1
Distillery200 Citizens56130020/53x315
District CourtResearch434400403x323
DoctorResearch485500204x423
Dye Works400 Citizens72850040/253x415
Equestrian Statue^^500 Merchants101510150022x2
Fire BrigadeResearch46200153x323
Fisherman's Hut2618020/123x46
Flower Bed1500 Merchant202x21
Food/Salt Stand115051x14
Forester's Hut215012/43x34
Fountain of Venus^^800 Citizens1051510150022x2
Gallows400 Citizens595003x323
Gem Mine750 Merchants8410150080/303x4
Gold Mine750 Merchants15124150050/203x4
Goldsmith750 Merchants671130040/203x323
Grain Farm200 Citizens23320010/53x32
Grand Bridge250 Merchants35001x?
GunsmithResearch63850040/153x415
Hall of Generals^^1100 Merchant153015300055x6
Hemp Plantation25 Settlers2520018/83x33
Hops Farm360 Settlers53425018/103x33
House34x423
Hunting Lodge1314020/83x37
Indigo Plantation400 Citizens32520040/203x33
Jewelry Stand1900 Merchant118051x14
Lamp Oil Stand600 Citizens115051x14
Large City Gate200 Settlers2102003x3
Large Fortress250 Merchants20153025008x821
Large Ore MineResearch82010170065/303x4
Large Ore Smelter1100 Citizens101020100075/323x323
Large ShipyardResearch20201820008x821
Large Tavern250 Merchants8108900504x423
Large Weapon SmithResearch55330035/173x323
LibraryResearch2012241220001005x622
Lion's Portal^^250 Merchants52010200023x3
Marble Quarry400 Citizens334003x4
Marble Stonemason400 Citizens5410300183x311
Main Market 1*37250103x423
Main Market 2*50 Settlers512500153x423
Main Market 3*200 Citizens10812800303x423
Main Palace1000 Aristoct40155020150001007x423
Main Palace (2)^^1000 Aristoct4015502010000504x423
Marketplace 125 Settlers1101x1
Marketplace 225 Settlers1101x1
Medicinal Herb PlantResearch35520015/53x32
Medium Fortress120 Citizens10152010005x522
Mill200 Citizens43330016/93x316
MonumentReward2x2
Obelisk500 Aristocrat3510002x2
Ore Mine80 Settlers515120040/153x4
Ornamental Entry1500 Merchant201x1
Ornamental FenceReward201x1
Ornamental Garden^^600 Citizen11041002x2
Ornamental Hedge1500 Merchant201x1
Ornamental Square(s)Reward1101x1
Ornamental Tree(s)Reward201x1
Ornamental Well500 Aristocrat51010002x220
Palace Arch**1000 Aristoct301030153000202x424
Palace Corner**1000 Aristoct301030155000304x423
Palace Gate^^500 Aristocrat102010200024x1
Palace Wing**1000 Aristoct301030155000302x424
Pavilion1500 Merchant10563600403x33
Public Baths600 Citizens201525101600906x522
Quarry50 Settlers333003x4
Ropemaker25 Settlers3540016/63x315
Salt Mine125 Pioneers51570025/103x4
Salt Works125 Pioneers5540030/123x415
School50 Settlers586400104x422
Sheep Farm2422010/53x34
Silk Plantation400 Citizens55630035/173x33
Small City Gate50 Settlers161501x1
Small Farm2425020/83x32
Small Fortress30 Pioneers10206004x423
Small Ore Smelter80 Settlers1041080040/203x323
Small Shipyard25 Settlers15181212005x521
Small Tavern80 Pioneers59500203x419
Small Weapon SmithyResearch44220040/153x311
Smith80 Settlers34850025/153x323
Spice Plantation80 Settlers45839040/203x33
Stonemason50 Settlers3325018/73x411
Sugarcane Plantation200 Citizens44431018/123x33
Tailor's Shop1100 Citizens55550030/153x319
Tannery253009/53x315
Theater1500 Merchant3515302025002006x722
Tobacco Plantation80 Settlers45835030/153x33
Tobacco Factory80 Settlers42630016/83x315
Tobacco/Spice Stand80 Settlers115051x14
Trapper1100 Citizen5610020/53x311
Triumphal ArchCitizen and defeat another player
University400 Citizens25303225001508x821
Wall Access50 Settlers1701x1
War Machine BuilderResearch8625004x415
Warehouse 1*512350154x422
Warehouse 2*50 Settlers512500254x422
Warehouse 3*200 Citizens10812800354x422
Watchtower50 Settlers2851001x19
Weaver's Hut3430015/103x315
Weaving MillResearch42850030/103x315
WellResearch4231001x14
Well (Deep)Research5231501x14
Whaler600 Citizens55550020/104x460
Whale Oil Factory600 Citizens55550020/103x319
Wine Stand1900 Merchant118051x14
Winery750 Merchants55840045/203x33

Notes:

The next table shows what new buildings can be constructed at each level (the information is the same as in the previous table). ^^ indicates Treasures, Monsters & Pirates Expansion only:

Buildings by Civilization/Population Level
PrerequisiteNew Building
NoneCloth/Leather Stand, Dirt Road, Fisherman's Hut, Food/Salt Stand, Forester's Hut, House, Hunting Lodge, Main Market Place, Sheep Farm, Small Farm, Tannery, Warehouse, Weaver's Hut.
30 PioneersSmall Fortress.
80 PioneersSmall Tavern.
125 PioneersChapel, Salt Mine, Salt Works.
25 SettlersHemp Plantation, Marketplace 1, Marketplace 2, Ropemaker, Small Shipyard.
50 SettlersButcher's Shop, Cattle Farm, City Wall, Cobblestone Street, Main Market II, Quarry, School, Small City Gate, Stonemason, Wall Access, Warehouse II, Watchtower.
80 SettlersArmorer, Ore Mine, Small Ore Smelter, Smith, Spice Plantation, Tobacco Plantation, Tobacco Factory, Tobacco/ Spice Stand.
120 SettlersCannon Tower.
200 SettlersLarge City Gate.
240 SettlersChurch.
360 SettlersBrewery, Hops Farm.
120 CitizensCobblestone Square, Cotton Plantation, Medium Fortress.
200 CitizensBakery, Distillery, Grain Farm, Main Market III, Mill, Sugarcane Plantation, Warehouse III.
400 CitizensClothing Stand, Dye Works, Gallows, Indigo Plantation, Marble Quarry, Marble Stonemason, Silk Plantation, University.
600 CitizensCharcoal Burner, Defensive Tower^^, Lamp Oil Stand, Ornamental Garden^^, Public Baths, Whaler, Whale Oil Factory.
800 CitizensFountain of Venus^^.
1100 CitizensDecorative Flag^^, Large Ore Smelter, Tailor's Shop, Trapper.
250 MerchantsGrand Bridge, Large Fortress, Large Tavern, Lion's Portal^^.
500 MerchantsEquestrian Statue^^.
750 MerchantsGem Mine, Gold Mine, Goldsmith, Winery.
1100 MerchantsHall of Generals^^.
1500 MerchantsFlower Bed, Ornamental Entry, Ornamental Hedge, Pavilion, Theater.
1900 MerchantsAristocrat House, Jewelry Stand, Wine Stand.
500 AristocratsObelisk, Ornamental Well, Palace Gate^^.
600 AristocratsCathedral.
1000 AristocratsMain Palace, first 4 Palace extensions.
3000 AristocratsNext 4 Palace extensions.
5000 AristocratsAll Palace extensions.
ResearchBow Maker, Cannon Foundry, District Court, Doctor, Fire Brigade, Gunsmith, Large Ore Mine, Large Weapon Smithy, Large Shipyard, Library, Medicinal Herb Plantation, Small Weapon Smithy, War Machine Builder, Weaving Mill, Wells.
RewardsMonument, Ornamental Fence, Ornamental Squares, Ornamental Trees, Triumphal Arch.

Below is a list of alternative names. These highlight some of the inconsistencies between names used in the game:

Alternative Names
NameAlternative
City WallWall.
DistilleryRum Distillery.
Fisherman's HutFishing Hut.
Fishering HutFisherman's Hut.
Grand BridgeOrnamental Bridge, Pomp Bridge.
Herbs PlantationMedicinal Herb Plantation.
HousePioneer House.
Large Ore SmelterOre Smelter.
Medicinal Herb PlantationHerbs Plantation.
Ore MineSmall Ore Mine.
Ore SmelterSmall Ore Smelter OR Large Ore Smelter.
Ornamental Bridge Grand Bridge, Pomp Bridge.
Pioneer HouseHouse.
Pomp BridgeGrand Bridge, Ornamental Bridge.
Rum DistilleryDistillery.
Small Ore MineOre Mine.
Small Ore SmelterOre Smelter.
Small TavernTavern.
SmithToolsmith, Tool Maker.
Sugar PlantationSugarcane Plantation.
Sugarcane PlantationSugar Plantation.
TavernSmall Tavern.
Tobacco FactoryTobacco Manufactory.
Tobacco ManufactoryTobacco Factory.
Tool MakerSmith, Toolsmith.
ToolsmithSmith, Tool Maker.
WallCity Wall.
Whale Oil FactoryWhale Oil Manufactory.
Whale Oil ManufactoryWhale Oil Factory.